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Guillaume Beneman or Benneman (1750 - after 1811〔Denise Ledoux-Lebard, ''Les ébénistes Parisiens du XIXe siècle (1795-1870)'', 1965:39; Francis J.B. Watson notes his last recorded commissions for the Imperial ''Garde-Meuble'' are of 1811 (Watson, ''The Wrightsman Collection'' I:Furniture (Museum of Art ) 1966:534 (biographic note ))〕) was a prominent Parisian ''ébéniste'', one of several of German extraction,〔Another was the royal cabinetmaker Jean Henri Riesener; Adam Weisweiler, Maurice-Bernard Evald, Martin Carlin, the Swede P.-H. Mewesen and Joseph Gegenbach, called Canabas, are also noted in this context by Sven Eriksen, ''Early Neo-Classicism in France'', 1974:132; Jean-François Oeben, Guillaume Kemp, Jean-Pierre Latz, Mathieu-Guillaume Cramer and Joseph Baumhauer might be added. In the 1780s David Roentgen maintained a Parisian showroom.〕 working in the early neoclassical Louis XVI style, which was already fully developed when he arrived in Paris. Beneman arrived in Paris already trained; he was settled in the rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine〔Noted by Geoffrey de Bellaigue :864; Bellaigue gives his later address, 6 rue Forest behind the Temple.〕 when he was received master in 1785 by royal command,〔Specifically dispensing with ordinary requirements such as a previous term of residence in Paris (Watson 1966:534).〕 and rapidly became the last of the royal cabinet-makers before the French Revolution, working under the direction (and on occasion to the designs) of the sculptor-entrepreneur Jean Hauré, ''fournisseur de la cour'' ("supplier to the Court"). In the service of the ''Garde-Meuble de la Couronne''〔His first, modest commission was executed for the Crown in 1784 (Watson 1966)〕 he delivered works of irreproachable refinement to the royal residences into the first years of the Revolution.〔His furniture for the château de Compiègne was documented and analysed by Julien Pichelin, "L'ammeublement du château par Guillaume Benneman de 1786 à 1792", in ''Louis XVI et Marie Antoinette à Compiègne'' (exhibition catalogue) 2006.〕 A mark of his humble condition and dependence upon the patronage of the ''Garde-Meuble'' is the payment to him in 1788 of 1527 ''livres'', to enable him to purchase workshop tools for sixteen craftsmen.〔Noted by Watson 1966; the document, quoted in François de Salverte, ''Les ébénistes du XVIIIe siècle'' 1927:17, is Archives Nationales O1 3638.〕 An example of Beneman's luxurious earlier manner is the commode (circa 1785) with Italian ''pietra dura'' panels in the J. Paul Getty Museum.〔Acc. no. 78 DA 371Gillian Wilson, "Acquisitions Made by the Department of Decorative Arts, 1977 to Mid 1979", ''The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal'' 6/7 (1978/1979: ), pp. 37-52〕 Attempts at economizing, as bankruptcy loomed for France in the final years of the Ancien Régime, recommended Beneman in preference to the extravagant Jean Henri Riesener, in 1785〔Salverte 1927, ''s.v.'' "Beneman, Guillaume"; Salverte suggests that the choice was Marie Antoinette's, eager to extend her patronage to a German craftsman.〕 for much of his work he was employed in reconstructing pieces in the royal furnishings〔Watson, in making this point, instances the four commodes for Compiègne and Fontainebleau now in the musée du Louvre, rebuilt from earlier pieces by Stöckel: "it is probably this that accounts for their heavy character, rather than any Teutonic clumsiness innate in Beneman's work as has sometimes been supposed" (Watson 1966:534); the Riesener cylinder desk in the Wallace Collection bears Riesener's stamp (five times) and Beneman's (three times): "there is nothing in this ''secrétaire'' which might not be Riesener's, noted D. S. MacColl, "French Eighteenth Century Furniture in the Wallace Collection-VI", ''The Burlington Magazine'' 42 (June 1923:288).〕 or in supplying additional pieces ''en suite'' with existing ones, such as the ''bureau plat'' delivered 28 December 1786 for Louis XVI's ''Cabinet Intérieur'' at Versailles,〔Now at Waddesdon Manor; catalogued in minute detail by Geoffrey de Bellaigue, ''The James A. de Rothschild Collection at Waddesdon Manor: Furniture Clocka and Gilt Bronzes'', 1974, II, cat. no. 94, pp 458-65.〕 which, under the artistic direction of the sculptor Jean Hauré, ''fournisseur de la Cour'', meticulously follows the design and decor of the lower section of the Oeben/Riesener ''Bureau du Roi'',〔"A match with the most complete fidelity" (Watson 1966:534).〕 or the secretaire in the Wrightsman Collection at the Metropolitan Museum〔Watson ''Wrightsman'' 1966:cat. no. 107; (Metropolitan Museum of Art: on-line catalogue )〕 delivered in 1786 by Beneman for Compiègne, where the style was "dictated by certain earlier pieces by Joubert", F.J.B. Watson notes. It is a characteristic of court arts generally speaking, that design and craftsmanship are collaborative in nature. Beneman collaborated with what Watson has called "a galaxy of talented craftsmen", instancing the ''ébéniste'' Guillaume Kemp, the ''bronziers'' Forestier, Thomire and Bardin, and the sculptors Boizot and Martin.〔Watson 1966:534.〕 To them might be added the ''ciseleur-doreur'' Galle.〔Michael Shapiro, "Monsieur Galle, Bronzier et Doreur", ''The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal'' 6/7 (1978/1979), pp. 57-74.〕 For a unique commission like the royal bureau plat of 1786, Martin provided a wax model of the original desk, Girard painted studies of fruit and flowers to be followed by Bertrand's designs, that were cut apart for the marquetry-cutters in Guillaume Kemp's workshop, Bardin and Thomire for finishing and mounting gilt-bronze myrtle moldings, gilded by Galle; Gosselin stamped in gilt the Morocco leather writing surface; Benneman sub-contracted the locksmith's work incorporated in his ''ébénisterie''; his workers were paid 785 ''livres'' and he personally received 508 ''livres''.〔Bellaigue 1974:460f.〕 Under the Revolution, he continued to produce sober and massive case-pieces that combined the dark tonality of mahogany with delicate gilt-bronze mounts in the Directoire style. He was officially employed in 1792 to remove from sequestered furniture of the émigrés royal cyphers in marquetry and gilt-bronze mounts, as "emblems of feudality". After a period of eclipse during the Revolution, he enjoyed a further period of success under the Empire. ==Notes== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Guillaume Beneman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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